In his article, historian Said Zalyaev traces the emergence and subsequent transformations of the meaning of the term "civil war" from Antiquity to the 21st century. At the same time, examples from England, France, the USA, and Russia are used to examine how "civil war" relates to "revolution."

Gladiatorial games are one of the most famous attributes of ancient Roman civilization. In his material, historian Danil Golovin explains how the pagan emperors of Rome initially used gladiators to strengthen their own legitimacy, and how their Christian successors banned these bloody spectacles. After reading the article, we invite you to take a test and find out what kind of gladiator you would become!

Using the example of Ulm Cathedral in southern Germany, Danil Golovin explains the features of the Gothic architectural style, which dominated Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.

In the 1860s, a curious political experiment was undertaken in Mexico: a representative of the Habsburg dynasty, with the support of France, ascended the throne of the restored Mexican Empire to reconcile the rival factions of conservatives and liberals. How this became possible and what it led to — read in the article by Arseniy Troparovsky.

In the public consciousness, the central conflict of the Russian Civil War is the confrontation between the "Reds" and the "Whites." However, in the summer of 1918, at the forefront of the anti-Bolshevik resistance in eastern Russia were the Socialists - the SRs, who formed the Komuch. Read about its history in the article by historian Said Zalyaev.