Ancient literature is the foundation of the entire European cultural tradition. It has given us heroic epics, tragedies and comedies, philosophical dialogues, and the first literary theories. This test will help you check how well you know the works, authors, and key ideas of antiquity.

In 1917, the political vocabulary became an integral part of social conflict. It turned out that different groups interpreted the same terms differently: "democracy," "people," "bourgeoisie." How the language of the revolutionary era gradually turned into the alphabet of hatred for the upcoming civil war is discussed in the article by historian Konstantin Tarasov.

A series of exquisite etchings depicting Roman emperors from Julius Caesar to Domitian. Based on the biographies of Suetonius and inspired by the compositions of Antonio Tempesta, this work combines the precision of classical iconography with the expressive technique of early Baroque. Schiaminossi's engravings impress with their masterful use of chiaroscuro and attention to detail, conveying the grandeur, character, and symbolic power of the rulers of ancient Rome.

Since the 1960s, a confrontation has been unfolding within the Catholic Church between modernists, who support the updated Mass, and traditionalists, who adhere to the old Tridentine Mass. With the accession of the new pontiff Leo XIV to the papal throne, these disputes have only intensified.

By the end of the 19th century, the political and social structure that had developed in the young Italian state began to face serious socio-economic challenges, driven by long-overdue economic reforms and land issues, especially in the south of the country. One of the most vivid and tragic manifestations of social discontent was the Fasci Siciliani movement, which emerged in Sicily in the early 1890s and led to a mass uprising and riots across the island.

Since the 1960s, a confrontation has been unfolding within the Catholic Church between modernists, who support the updated Mass, and traditionalists, who adhere to the old Tridentine Mass. With the accession of the new pontiff Leo XIV to the papal throne, these disputes have only intensified.

The history of the Weimar Republic is inextricably linked with the history of political parties. Like the republic itself, these parties did not appear out of nowhere and did not vanish into nothingness. The roots of most of them lay in the Kaiserreich, and after a 12-year Nazi hiatus, most were either reestablished or served as the foundation for the creation of new parties that shaped the political life of both German states in the second half of the 20th century.