In 1917, the political lexicon became an integral part of social conflict. It turned out that different groups interpreted the same terms differently: "democracy," "people," "bourgeoisie." How the language of the revolutionary era gradually turned into the alphabet of hatred for the impending civil war is discussed in the article by historian Konstantin Tarasov.

The Weimar Republic was a federal state, consisting by the end of its existence of 17 "Free States" with their own autonomous governments and regional parliaments called Landtags. The largest parties had a nationwide character. In some Free States, there were local parties, but they did not have a significant influence on imperial politics.

The ideas of the Enlightenment always sparked heated debates, and many, while accepting certain elements of the era's worldview, decisively rejected others. Where is your limit of Enlightenment? Take the test and find out who you resemble more: the reactionary de Maistre, the conservative Burke, the religious philosopher Hamann, or the romantic nationalist Herder.

Since the 1960s, a confrontation has been unfolding within the Catholic Church between modernists, who support the updated Mass, and traditionalists, who adhere to the old Tridentine Mass. With the ascension of the new pontiff Leo XIV to the papal throne, these disputes have only intensified.

In 1917, the Russian army found itself in a deep crisis. Amid the ongoing war, unconventional methods were needed to revive the military spirit. Thus, the concept of a volunteer revolutionary army emerged, which was intended to inspire the mobilized troops and eventually replace them with volunteers. To find out how this experiment concluded, read the article by historian Konstantin Tarasov.

"In St. Petersburg, two types of architecture prevail: Greek and Roman," — this is how the capital of the Russian state was described by the prominent historian and local historian Ivan Ilyich Pushkaryov. The founder of the city, Emperor Peter, in an attempt to distance himself from the Moscow he disliked, which called itself the Third Rome, laid the foundation for a new ancient city on the northern shores of the Neva. Absorbing the entire "spirit" and longing for antiquity, St. Petersburg recreated it in the strict plans of its architectural ensembles, classical colonnades, and triumphal arches.

В своей статье историк Саид Заляев прослеживает возникновение и последующие трансформации значения термина «гражданская война» от Античности до XXI века. Одновременно на примерах Англии, Франции, США и России рассматривается, насколько «гражданская война» соотносится с «революцией».

В своей статье историк Саид Заляев рассматривает, как в течение Нового времени в Западной Европе трансформировалось значение понятия «state» от констатации эффективности правителя к определению абстрактного политического субъекта с территорией и населением. Кроме того, автор прослеживает историю русскоязычного понятия «государство» и сопоставляет его с западноевропейскими аналогами.

В массовом сознании центральным конфликтом Гражданской войны в России является противостояние «красных» и «белых». Однако летом 1918 года в авангарде антибольшевистского сопротивления на востоке России оказались социалисты – эсеры, сформировавшие Комуч. Об его истории читайте в статье историка Саида Заляева.

In 1917, the Russian army found itself in a deep crisis. Amid the ongoing war, unconventional methods were needed to revive the military spirit. Thus, the concept of a volunteer revolutionary army emerged, which was intended to inspire the mobilized troops and eventually replace them with volunteers. To find out how this experiment concluded, read the article by historian Konstantin Tarasov.

The Weimar Republic was a federal state, consisting by the end of its existence of 17 "Free States" with their own autonomous governments and regional parliaments called Landtags. The largest parties had a nationwide character. In some Free States, there were local parties, but they did not have a significant influence on imperial politics.

Imagology is a young academic discipline that studies how images of "other" ethnic and national communities are created, function, and are interpreted. Read historian Olga Berezina's article to learn about the origins of imagology and the differences between Western and Russian approaches to this discipline.

The Weimar Republic was a federal state, consisting by the end of its existence of 17 "Free States" with their own autonomous governments and regional parliaments called Landtags. The largest parties had a nationwide character. In some Free States, there were local parties, but they did not have a significant influence on imperial politics.

"In St. Petersburg, two types of architecture prevail: Greek and Roman," — this is how the capital of the Russian state was described by the prominent historian and local historian Ivan Ilyich Pushkaryov. The founder of the city, Emperor Peter, in an attempt to distance himself from the Moscow he disliked, which called itself the Third Rome, laid the foundation for a new ancient city on the northern shores of the Neva. Absorbing the entire "spirit" and longing for antiquity, St. Petersburg recreated it in the strict plans of its architectural ensembles, classical colonnades, and triumphal arches.

Travel blog from Sviyazhsk – an ancient Russian town on an island in the middle of the Volga, which allows you to immerse yourself in several eras of Russian history from the 16th to the 20th century. Test