History

Parties of the Weimar Republic

The history of the Weimar Republic is inextricably linked with the history of political parties. Like the republic itself, these parties did not appear out of nowhere and did not disappear into nothingness. The roots of most of them lay in the Kaiserreich, and after a 12-year Nazi hiatus, most were reestablished or served as the foundation for the creation of new parties that defined the political life of both German states in the second half of the 20th century.

History

Dictatorship in Ancient Rome

The modern reader is likely to perceive the term "dictatorship" as synonymous with "despotism" and "tyranny," recalling the notorious regimes of the 20th century. However, for the Romans, this term was associated with entirely different things. To learn about how the Romans perceived dictatorship, how it worked, and how it changed over time, read the article by historian Nikita Tsybikov.

Philosophy

Sedevacantism

In the second half of the 20th century, the Catholic Church faced a serious crisis related to the confrontation between modernists and traditionalists. The most radical minority of the latter broke away from the Holy See, creating autonomous communities of sedevacantists—Catholics who do not recognize the current Popes and consider the papal throne temporarily vacant.

History

The Alphabet of Hatred: How the Political Language of the Revolution Influenced the Start of the Civil War

In 1917, the political vocabulary became an integral part of social conflict. It turned out that different groups interpreted the same terms differently: "democracy," "people," "bourgeoisie." How the language of the revolutionary era gradually turned into the alphabet of hatred for the upcoming civil war is discussed in the article by historian Konstantin Tarasov.

Philosophy

What kind of counter-enlightener are you?

The ideas of the Enlightenment have always sparked heated debates, and many, while accepting certain elements of the era's worldview, decisively rejected others. Where is your limit of Enlightenment? Take the test and find out who you resemble more: the reactionary de Maistre, the conservative Burke, the religious philosopher Hamann, or the romantic nationalist Herder.

Philosophy

TLM versus NO

Since the 1960s, within the Catholic Church, there has been a confrontation between modernists, who support the renewed Mass, and traditionalists, who adhere to the former Tridentine Mass. With the ascension of the new pontiff Leo XIV to the papal throne, these disputes have only intensified.